ABSTRACT
Abstract Neosporosis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan, Neospora caninum . It is considered one of the most widespread and frequent causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. To evaluate the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies and associated risk factors, serum samples were collected from 2,452 bovines at 262 farms in the northern Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Each farmer was asked to fill out a questionnaire for subsequent epidemiological data analysis. Anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected by means of the indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA), using a cut-off dilution of 1:100. The overall anti-N. caninum antibodies prevalence was 25.44% (Confidence Interval - CI 95%; 20.10%; 30.78%), and the anti-N. caninum antibodies prevalence per herd was 76.72% (CI 95%; 71.60%; 81.84%). The presence of dogs, occurrence of abortion in cows, and sale of cattle for breeding were statistically associated with seropositivity in herds, while the risk of females being seropositive for N. caninum was higher in animals ≤ 6-years-old and in the presence of dogs. A spatial analysis indicated that the relative risk of the disease is spatially constant and that the farms with the highest prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies are located south of the region under study.
Resumo Neosporose é causada por um protozoário intracelular obrigatório, Neospora caninum. É considerada uma das causas mais comuns e frequentes de aborto em bovinos em todo o mundo. Para avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos anti- N. caninum e fatores de risco associados, amostras de soro foram coletadas de 2.452 bovinos em 262 fazendas no Pantanal norte, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Cada fazendeiro preencheu um questionário para posterior análise dos dados epidemiológicos. Anticorpos anti-N. caninum foram detectados por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), utilizando um ponto de corte de 1:100. A prevalência total de anticorpos anti-N. caninum foi de 25,44% (Intervalo de Confiança - IC 95%; 20,10%; 30,78%) e a prevalência por rebanho foi de 76,72% (IC 95%; 71,60%; 81,84%). A presença de cães, a ocorrência de abortamento em vacas e a venda de bovinos para reprodução estiveram estatisticamente associadas à soropositividade em rebanhos, enquanto, o risco de fêmeas serem soropositivas para N. caninum foi maior em animais com idade ≤ 6 anos e na presença de cães. A análise espacial indicou que o risco relativo da doença é espacialmente constante e que as fazendas com maior prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum estão localizados ao sul da região em estudo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Coccidiosis/veterinary , Neospora/immunology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Risk Factors , Coccidiosis/diagnosis , Coccidiosis/epidemiology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Wetlands , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
Abstract Neosporosis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan, Neospora caninum . It is considered one of the most widespread and frequent causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. To evaluate the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies and associated risk factors, serum samples were collected from 2,452 bovines at 262 farms in the northern Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Each farmer was asked to fill out a questionnaire for subsequent epidemiological data analysis. Anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected by means of the indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA), using a cut-off dilution of 1:100. The overall anti-N. caninum antibodies prevalence was 25.44% (Confidence Interval - CI 95%; 20.10%; 30.78%), and the anti-N. caninum antibodies prevalence per herd was 76.72% (CI 95%; 71.60%; 81.84%). The presence of dogs, occurrence of abortion in cows, and sale of cattle for breeding were statistically associated with seropositivity in herds, while the risk of females being seropositive for N. caninum was higher in animals 6-years-old and in the presence of dogs. A spatial analysis indicated that the relative risk of the disease is spatially constant and that the farms with the highest prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies are located south of the region under study.
Resumo Neosporose é causada por um protozoário intracelular obrigatório, Neospora caninum. É considerada uma das causas mais comuns e frequentes de aborto em bovinos em todo o mundo. Para avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos anti- N. caninum e fatores de risco associados, amostras de soro foram coletadas de 2.452 bovinos em 262 fazendas no Pantanal norte, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Cada fazendeiro preencheu um questionário para posterior análise dos dados epidemiológicos. Anticorpos anti-N. caninum foram detectados por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), utilizando um ponto de corte de 1:100. A prevalência total de anticorpos anti-N. caninum foi de 25,44% (Intervalo de Confiança - IC 95%; 20,10%; 30,78%) e a prevalência por rebanho foi de 76,72% (IC 95%; 71,60%; 81,84%). A presença de cães, a ocorrência de abortamento em vacas e a venda de bovinos para reprodução estiveram estatisticamente associadas à soropositividade em rebanhos, enquanto, o risco de fêmeas serem soropositivas para N. caninum foi maior em animais com idade 6 anos e na presença de cães. A análise espacial indicou que o risco relativo da doença é espacialmente constante e que as fazendas com maior prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum estão localizados ao sul da região em estudo.
ABSTRACT
Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Hantaan viruses has been one of the principal acute febrile disease in Korea. To analysis the sero-epidemiological patterns of HFRS, 4,177 patient sera of acute febrile illness submitted for serological assay to National Institute of Health from Community Health Centers, Institutes of Health and Environment and hospitals from 1996 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against Hantaan virus by indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Serum samples with greater than 1:32 antibody titer were considered positive. The results were analyzed seroepidemiologically by annual, sexual, seasonal, age and regional distribution of HFRS patients. Out of 4,177 serum samples tested, 1,415 samples (33.9%) were positive to Hantaan virus. The ratio of males (48.2%, 682/1,415) to females (38.2%, 541/1,415) was 1.3:1. Seasonal incidence showed that 69.5% (985/1,415) of cases occurred from October to December, resulting with higher prevalence in November (41.3%, 584/1,415). Regionally, seropositive rates of samples collected in Gyenggi, Gangwon and Chungbuk were 39.9% (564/1,415), 19.3% (274/1,415) and 8.5% (120/1,1415), respectively. Age distributions of seropositive of HFRS were detected from 20 to 79 years (78%).
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Academies and Institutes , Age Distribution , Antibodies , Community Health Centers , Fever , Hantaan virus , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome , Incidence , Korea , Prevalence , SeasonsABSTRACT
La leishmaniasis tegumentaria es una zoonosis endémica de zonas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo, de difícil diagnóstico laboratorial. En áreas endémicas se realiza el diagnóstico de presunción basado en la presentación clínica y la reactividad a la prueba cutánea de la leishmanina. Sin embargo, un diagnóstico definitivo de la enfermedad requiere la combinación de diferentes métodos, entre los cuales la inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) es uno de los más utilizados. Para determinar la sensibilidad de la IFI, se sometió un total de 95 pacientes con lesiones comprobadas de leishmaniasis a las pruebas de leishmanina, biopsia histopatológica, cultivo e IFI. En 80 pacientes se logró el diagnóstico parasitológico a través de la histopatología y/o el cultivo. De ellos, 58 muestras (72,5%) dieron reacción positiva en la IFI para Leishmania, aunque 12 de ellas (21%) también mostraron serología positiva para enfermedad de Chagas. La sensibilidad de la IFI para los casos de leishmaniasis mucosa solamente fue 81,3% (n=16). Se concluye que la IFI es un método de moderada sensibilidad para el diagnóstico de leishmaniasis tegumentaria.
Tegumentary leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis of tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Diagnosis of this illness is difficult even using laboratorial methods. In endemics areas a presumptive diagnosis is carried out based on the clinical presentation and reactivity to the skin test. However, a definitive diagnosis of the illness requires the combination of different methods, such as the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF), one of the most used methods. In order to determine the sensitivity of the IIF, a total of 95 patients with proven lesions of leishmaniasis were subjected to skin test, histopathology, culture and IIF. Parasitological diagnosis was achieved in 80 patients through histopathology and/or culture. Fiftyeight samples of them (72.5%) gave positive reaction by the IIF although 12 of them (21%) also showed positive serology for Chagas disease. The sensitivity of the IIF for mucosal leishmaniasis only was 81.3% (n=16). We concluded that IIF has moderate sensitivity for the diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis.